The Invention of the Refrigerator free essay sample

Hello! Today I am going to talk you about the invention of the refrigerator. I chose this topic because I think we all cant imagine our lives without food, so we also cant imagine our lives without the refrigerator. Im going to present you this topic with the help of power point and I really hope that in the end of my presentation you will know something more about refrigerators. The invention of the refrigerator The conveniences we enjoy in our homes are the product of many machines we use every day to make our lives easier. We must be aware that it is only because of dedicated inventors that have spent years of their life, searching of a way to make all this possible. Were talking about machines such as the refrigerator, for example. The idea of a machine that would be able to prevent food spoilage has actually been around for a very long time before the invention of itself. We will write a custom essay sample on The Invention of the Refrigerator or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was only in the late 1834 that Jacob Perkins, a young inventor after making a design persuaded John Hague to realize his idea, and like that the first kind of refrigerator was born. Early attempts In the beginning, there were made ice houses   to provide cool storage for most of the year. These ice houses were placed near freshwater lakes or packed with snow and ice during the winter. As we can see in Thomas Jeffersons diary, which chronicles the process of maintaining the ice house at the Monticello Estate, this processes were very complicated. Every winter, Jefferson brought more than 60 wagonloads of ice from the Rivanna River to keep his ice house filled. The ice house was a huge source of trouble, just by the expense of keeping it stocked. While Jefferson was busy keeping his ice house stocked, Benjamin Franklin working with chemist John Hadley in 1758 was leading us to the invention of the refrigerator. They were experimenting with the effects of evaporation using a thermometer. With some methods they were able to drop the thermometers temperature well below freezing. Perkins and his impact In 1834 a young inventor called Jacob Perkins build the worlds first refrigerator and invented a legal patent for refrigeration using vapor-compression. Soon, what was meant to be just an experiment became something fit for commercialization and other inventors tried to develop Perkins patent. In 1856 following Perkins success,  James Harrison, an immigrant from  Scotland   living in  Australia, developed an ice making machine using  ammonia  and an ether compressor. It was used in the meat packing industries of Geelong, Victoria. Few years later, Carl Paul Gottfried Linde, a  German  engineer developed refrigeration and gas separation technologies. Carl Paul Gottfried Linde (better known as Carl von Linde)   was working in the way of develop new refrigeration cycles. In 1892 Lindes research drove into the area of low temperature refrigeration and in 1894 he started work on a process for the liquefaction of air. In his later career Linde began working on a technique to obtain pure oxygen and nitrogen based on the fractional distillation of liquefied air. By 1910 Carls son Friedrich had developed the Linde double-column process, variants of which are still in common use when it comes to air separation in three main gasses: oxygen, nitrogen and argon. CONCLUSION In the 1920s and 30s, consumers were for the first time introduced to freezers – that was the time when the first electric refrigerators with ice cube compartments came on the market. Even so, the mass production of modern refrigerators didnt get started until after World War II. Few decades later when innovations like automatic defrost and automatic ice makers first appeared, it became clear that more energy-efficient refrigerators are needed, if not, there will be a huge environmental damage. The conclusion soon leaded to the elimination of chlorofluorocarbons in refrigeration sealed systems and the introduction of energy-efficient refrigerators. Today, the refrigerator is Americas most used appliance, found in more than 99. 5% of American homes. We are all aware that if this invention had never been invented our lives would be much more complicated. For example the food spoilage would be 5 or 6 times quicker. Besides that, we would be still forced to store our food in ice houses. With this conclusion I end my presentation. I hope you enjoyed and thank you for your attention. =)

William Byrd essays

William Byrd essays William Byrd was the foremost English composer during the Renaissance Era. He was born in Lincolnshire in 1543, and died in 1632. As a student of Thomas Tallis, he was exposed to music of the Chapel Royal and the best of the English tradition. In 1563 he was appointed organist of Lincoln Cathedral, and by 1572 joined Tallis a gentleman of the Chapel Royal where he shared organist duties with Tallis. In 1575, Tallis and Byrd jointly published Cantiones Sacrae, 34 motets dedicated to Elizabeth I. He composed music for underground catholic circles for years. He composed for every branch of music; Consort, Sacred, Keyboard music. As an organist and a performer, he wrote many compositions for instruments, many of which were popular pieces played during his time and today. He was the first Englishman to write madrigals. Also, his superbly constructed key board works marked the beginning of the Baroque organ and harpsichord style. Byrd is famous for writing extraordinary masses, motets, ma drigals, vocal and solo songs, and for chamber music composed for strings without voice. He was considered the foremost composer of keyboard music in all of Europe during the Renaissance Era. Byrd greatly contributed to the Roma rite, by the three Masses and the two books of Gradualia, published over fifteen years. He wrote many of Anglican church music for the Chapel Royal, including such masterpieces as the ten-voice Great Service and anthemes such as Sing joyfully. Also, he devoted his life to compose music for the Roman liturgy. He published his three famous settings of the Mass Ordinary between 1592 and 1595, and followed them in 1605 and 1607 with his two books of Gradualia, an elaborate year-long musical cycle. During Renaissance era, Byrd wrote many compositions for various parts of music, and contributed greatly in affecting and shaping much of later English music. ...

What Really Matters in Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What Really Matters in Cancer - Essay Example The article states that the biomedicalisation of cancer care has led to the treating of the disease than cancer. The patient has been neglected especially aged patients who spend a fortune in treatment at the face discrimination (Purushotham et al., 1669). Treatment has become expensive and complex. It talks about the social nature of cancer. It states that cancer is a community disease in its origin and risk factors in spite of patients being treated as individuals. Hence, if the social aspect is taken, then its treatment should be different. It advocates for cancer self-help groups for patients. It talks about the consequences of neglecting the social aspects of cancer. The author advocates for compassionate cancer care where the patient is cared for rather than undergoing treatment alone. It is stated that social cancer medicine has been neglected for the molecularisation of cancer. The article advocates for research into the social nature of cancer (Purushotham et al., 1670). The information in this article is relevant to the real world in the care and treatment of cancer patients all over the world. It is applicable at this present moment as there are a lot of cancer patients suffering from the toxic nature of cancer treatments without the social care they need to go through it. There is a lack of cancer self-help groups to help patients in meeting the cost of cancer treatment. It is applicable all over the world as cancer does not select on the region to affect. It is a worldwide disease. The information is relevant because of the technological aspect of cancer treatment without the social care needed. Treatment is all about treating the disease rather than the person. There is no other author or research that opposes the ideas presented in the article. Macmillan’s research named Discrimination at Work support the ideas presented in this article. Further research into the social nature of cancer is needed along with research into patient-centered care (Purushotham et al., 1671).     

Internet crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Internet crimes - Essay Example Another is spamming, the odious practice of sending unrequited e-mails, or messages through mobile phones, etc. It is seen that there are a number of antifraud and Cyber crime laws in the United States, prominent among which are the Electronic Communication Copyright Act, Electronic Communication Privacy Act, etc., and finally, Computer Frauds and Abuse Act, which seek, through legislative armaments to reinforce cyber laws. However, it needs to be said that, to a very large extent the efficacy of the local laws and prevalent customs determine the course of complaint institution and its final results to a very large measure indeed. The system needs to be ever vigilant so that no hacker would even contemplate transgressing the rights of ownership and usage of established cyber boundaries, or indulge in any other kind of illegitimate practice. (250 words) All types of fraud scheme that is done by the Internet are called Internet fraud. For this purpose fraudsters use different facilities of the Internet e-mail, chat rooms, websites etc. There are different types of Internet frauds in the world. The common types of internet frauds are credit card related frauds, phishing, prize money, free travel offers, etc. Online purchasing and e-business is very popular in this time. Fraudsters use this opportunity very well. So the number of Internet crimes like Internet frauds is increasing year by year. To show different Internet fraud rating in the year 2007 is given below. This report is published by NLC’s Fraud Center. It indicates the top ten Internet frauds in 2007. (2007 top 10 internet scams, (n.d)) From this it is crystal clear that the loss due to Internet fraud is very much. Internet users who had awareness about the Internet fraud will try to take precautions against this. Everyone can avoid the internet fraud and

Perspectives on Macroeconomics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Perspectives on Macroeconomics - Assignment Example First, the Greece government is responsible for allowing a weak political system that resulted to the mismanagement of domestic economy thereby contributing to the additional government debt at an incredible rate (Georgios, 2010). Compared to other Eurozone economies, this debt rate was very high. Secondly, the financial market especially the credit rating agencies were myopic in their prediction of the US sub-prime mortgage loan crisis of 2007. Consequently, the attempts to unveil potential sovereign debt crisis led to an overreaction and the country’s large budget deficits made the economy a target. Lastly, there was a fair part of the blame on the delayed reaction of the European Central Bank by the Eurozone governments particularly Germany (Georgios, 2010). Based on history, financial crisis tends to result to sharp downturns economically, low revenues for the government, government deficits that keep widening, high debts levels, and the pushing of government into defaults (OECD, 2013). A recession also results to high unemployment levels, falling average incomes and increased inequality. In the course of a recession, there is a fall in GDP that results to increased unemployment. Unemployment is attributed to firms going bankrupt hence most workers losing their jobs, and firms failure to hire new employees in the aim of reducing costs. In addition to not hiring new employees and reducing the number of employees, recession forces organizations to reduce costs which then translate to low wages especially the temporary workers (OECD, 2013). Reduction of costs amongst firms is also as a result of high costs of living that see most workers have their real wages cut. Fall in tax revenue is also another result of recession since firms make le ss profit that translates to low corporate tax; employees receive low income that result to lowered income tax; and lower expenditure result to lower VAT payments. Lower VAT payments were experienced in Greece during 2011

Design Of A Sulfuric Acid Production Plant Engineering Essay

Design Of A Sulfuric Acid Production Plant Engineering Essay This project is prepared according to the requirements of chemical engineering department, and its also a preliminary study of sulfuric acid production plant. The project begins with chapter one which includes introduction, definition of sulfuric acid and shows the main uses of sulfuric acid which have made it an important chemical in the world, followed by chapter two which talks about literature, market survey and the history and current processes for production the sulfuric acid also it gives small glimpse of the prices trends of the raw material and product. That is followed by description for various processes to produce sulfuric acid in chapter three, which ends with the selection of the best process which is the double contact process; the description and flow sheet of the selected process are discussed in chapter four. Material and energy balance results are listed in chapter five and the location of the plant is selected in chapter six by comparing different locations, and the best location for the plant (as its set in this report) is Aqaba city. . Finally, material and energy balance details are discussed in the appendix, that includes the used charts and references. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Definition Sulfuric acid is a strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4. It is a clear, colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is very corrosive. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is one of the top products of the chemical industry. There are another names for sulfuric acid, it is sometimes called oil of vitriol.1 Its chemical formula is Figure (1.1.1): Sulfuric Acid Formula1 1.2 Physical and Chemical properties This table shows the main chemical and physical properties of sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid IUPAC Oil of vitriol Other name H2O4S Molecular formula 98.08 g molà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 Molar mass Clear, colorless, odorless liquid Appearances 1.84 g/cm3, liquid Density 10  Ã‚ °C, 283  K, 50  Ã‚ °F Melting point 337  Ã‚ °C, 610  K, 639  Ã‚ °F Boiling point Miscible Solubility in water à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢3 Acidity(pka) pungent odor Odor Non-flammable Flash point 26.7 cP (20  °C) Viscosity 0.3 Ph Table (1.2.1): physical properties1 1.3 Application and Uses Sulfuric acid is a very important chemical commodity, and indeed, a nations sulfuric acid production is a good indicator of its industrial strength. It is used as electrolyte in lead-acid batteries (accumulators) . It is important in the production of fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate (sulfate of ammonia), (NH4)2SO4, and superphosphate, Ca(H2PO4)2, which is formed when rock phosphate is treated with sulfuric acid. It is used to remove oxides from iron and steel before galvanising or electroplating . Concentrated sulfuric acid is used as a dehydrating agent, that is, to remove water, since it has a tendency to form hydrates such as H2SO4.H2O, H2SO4.2H2O. Sulfuric acid is used in the production of nitroglycerine, an inorganic ester organic nitrate, which is used as an explosive. It is used in petroleum refining to wash impurities out of gasoline and other refinery products. It is used in manufacturing of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, ether, plastics, metal sulfates, cellophane, dyes, drugs, perfumes, disinfectants and even glue.1 This chart shows the distribution of using sulfuric acid Figure (1.3.1): Sulfuric Acid Distribution.1 Specification of raw materials sulfur, S, 16 Name, symbol, number 32.065g ·molà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 Standard atomic weight Yellow colored lumps, crystals, powder, or formed shape Appearances Lumps 75-115 lbs./ft3 Powder 33-80 lbs./ft3 Bulk Density 388.36  K,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡115.21  Ã‚ °C,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡239.38  Ã‚ °F Melting point 717.8  K,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡444.6  Ã‚ °C,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡832.3  Ã‚ °F Boiling point Insoluble Solubility In Water Solid Physical State 1.819 g ·cmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢3 Liquid density at maps. Table (1.3.1): Physical Chemical Properties of Sulfur.1 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE AND MARKET SURVEY 2.1 History and Current processes The discovery of sulfuric acid is credited to the 8th century chemist and alchemist, Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber). The acid was later studied by 9th century Persian physician and alchemist Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes), who obtained the substance by dry distillation of minerals including iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate, FeSO4 ·7H2O, and copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO4 ·5H2O. When heated, these compounds decompose to iron(II) oxide and copper(II) oxide, respectively, giving off water and sulfur trioxide, which combine to produce a dilute solution of sulfuric acid. 1 This method was popularized in Europe through translations of Arabic and Persian treatises, as well as books by European alchemists, such as the 13th-century German Albertus Magnus.1 There are two major processes (lead chamber and contact) for production of sulfuric acid and it is available commercially in a number of grades and concentrations. The lead chamber process, the older of the two processes, is used to produce much of the acid used to make fertilizers; it produces a relatively dilute acid (62%-78% H2SO4). The contact process produces a purer, more concentrated acid but requires purer raw materials and the use of expensive catalysts. n both processes sulfur dioxide is oxidized and dissolved in water. The sulfur dioxide is obtained by burning sulfur, by burning pyrites (iron sulfides), by roasting nonferrous sulfide ores preparatory to smelting, or by burning hydrogen sulfide gas. Some sulfuric acid is also made from ferrous sulfate waste solutions from pickling iron and steel and from waste acid sludge from oil refineries. 1 2.2 Supply and Demand This table shows the production rates of sulfuric acid (in metric tones) in some countries at different years. Production of sulfuric acid in metric tones Year country 1994 1997 2000 2006 France 2227 2242 2269 1755 Germany 3380 3496 4898 4595 Greece 360 675 688 815 Italy 1228 1590 1043 1616 Spain 2348 2810 2418 3500 United kingdom 1225 1205 1058 447 Sweden 518 630 629 1010 Table (2.2.1): Production Rates of Sulfuric Acid.3 This table shows the production and sales amounts of sulfuric acid and the consumption rate of sulfur in Jordan from 2000 to 2005, these amounts in (ton/year). Sulfur consumption (ton/tear) Ù Sulfuric acid Year Sales (ton/year) Production (ton/year) 370925 43824 1108605 2000 309816 46614 919548 2001 351011 43307 1055208 2002 265865 51445 961208 2003 364301 49661 1102899 2004 346345 48323 1046540 2005 Table (2.2.2)Jordan Production, Sales and Raw Material Consumption.5 2.3 Prices trends of the raw material and product The global sulfuric acid market experienced an unprecedented rise and fall in pricing between fall 2007 and spring 2009. Consumption of sulfuric acid for fertilizers fell steeply in the second half of 2008 due to the collapse in the global economy. The second half of 2009 is expected to experience almost flat to slightly positive growth, anticipating the improvement in market conditions in 2010. Trade is expected to fall globally, except for Southeast Asia, which would continue to depend on imports. As of early spring 2009, the market is continuing to deteriorate as the supply shortage situation has been replaced by product oversupply in almost all regions. And the world sulfuric acid supply trends are shown in the following chart. Figure (2.3.1): World Sulfuric Acid Supply.2 CHAPTER THREE PROCESS SELECTION Process Selection Sulfuric acid is an important raw material used in many industrial processes, such as phosphate fertilizer production and to a much lesser extent for nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, sulfuric acid is produced by catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide, which is subsequently absorbed in water to form sulfuric acid. There are no major variations of commercial interests on this mentioned chemistry. There are alternatives as to source of Sulfur dioxide and method of conversion to sulfur trioxide. The two most common methods for the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid are: 1. Lead Chamber Process. 2. Contact Process 3.1 Lead Chamber Process This is an old process and was introduced in Europe in near the middle of 18th century, its used to produce much of the acid used to make fertilizers; it produces a- relatively dilute acid (62%-78% H2SO4).The classic lead chamber process consists of three stages: Glover tower, lead chambers and Guy-Lussac Tower. In this method hot sulfuric dioxide gas enters the bottom of the reactor called a Glover tower where it is washed with nitrous vitriol (sulfuric acid with nitric oxide, NO, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2, dissolved in it) and mixed with nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide gases. The Glover tower serves two functions: concentration of the chamber acid and stripping of nitrogen oxides from the liquid to the gas. Concentration of the chamber acid (62% to 68% H2SO4) is achieved by the hot gases entering the tower which evaporate water from the acid. Some of the sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide and dissolved in the acid wash to form tower acid or Glover acid (about 78% H2SO4). The dissolved nitrogen oxides are stripped from the acid and carried with the gas out of the Glover tower into the lead chambers. From the acid tower a mixture of gases (including sulfur dioxide and trioxide, nitrogen oxides, nitrogen, oxygen, and steam) is transferred to a lead-lined chamber where it is reacted with more water. Sulfuric acid is formed by a complex series of reactions; it condenses on the walls and collects on the floor of the chamber. There may be from three to twelve chambers in a series. The acid produced in the chambers, often called chamber acid or fertilizer acid, contains 62% to 68% H2SO4. After the gases have passed through the chambers they are passed into a reactor called the Gay-Lussac tower where they are washed with cooled concentrated acid (from the acid tower); the nitrogen oxides and unreacted sulfur dioxide dissolve in the acid to form the nitrous vitriol used in the acid tower. Remaining waste gases are usually discharged into the atmosphere. Product acid at a concentration of 78% H2SO4  is drawn from the cooled acid stream that is circulated from the Glover tower to the Guy-Lussac tower.   Nitrogen losses are made up with nitric acid which is added to the Glover tower. The major disadvantage includes the limitations in throughput, quality and concentration of the acid produced, also the environmental pollution. Figure (3.1.1): Typical process flow sheet for the lead Chamber. 3.2 Contact Process Because of economic reasons Contact plants are widely used compared to the lead plants, they are classified according to the raw materials charged to them: elemental Sulfur burning, spent sulfuric acid and hydrogen sulfide burning, and metal sulfide ores and smelter gas burning. The contributions from these plants to the total acid production are 81, 8, and 11 percent, respectively. The contact process incorporates three basic operations (stages), each of which corresponds to a distinct chemical reaction. First, elemental sulfur is received in a solid form containing various impurities. The sulfur is melted in the sulfur melter in the presence of hydrated lime which neutralizes any acidity present in the sulfur. This neutralization prevents problems of acid corrosion which would otherwise be encountered. Heat for the melting of the sulfur is supplied from steam coils. The molten sulfur is kept agitated to improve heat transfer, to prevent solids settling on the bottom of the sulfur pits and to prevent a crust forming on top. The dirty sulfur is filtered to remove impurities present and after filtering is transferred to the clean sulfur pit where it is kept molten until it is pumped to the burner. Molten sulfur at a temperature of 130 °C is sprayed into the burner in the presence of warm, dry air. The sulfur burns, forming sulfur dioxide S + O2 â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   SO2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H = -300 kJ mol-1 The resulting sulfur dioxide is fed to a process unit called a converter, where it is catalytically oxidized to sulfur trioxide (SO3): 2SO2 + O2 â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  2SO3 ΆH = -100 kJ mol-1 Its apparent that the equation gives a decrease in volume; this reaction would be aided by pressure. High conversions are however, obtainable with catalysts at 400 to 500oC with a small excess of oxygen and the use of pressure. The available methods to maximize the formation of SO3: As this is an exothermic process, a decrease in temperature by removal of the heat will favour the formation of SO3. Increased oxygen concentration. SO3 removal (as in the case of the double absorption process). Increased pressure. Catalyst selection, to reduce the working temperature (equilibrium). Longer reaction time. In the contact processes, the sulfur dioxide is converted to sulfur trioxide by the use of metal oxide catalyst, the characteristics of the used catalyst are: Porous carrier having large surface area, controlled pore size and resistance to process gases at high temperature; in pellet form if used in fixed bed and powdered form if used for fluidized bed. Ex- Alumina, silica gel, zeolites. Active catalytic agent: Preparations are generally kept secret for the competitive reasons but they usually consist of adding water soluble compounds to gels or porous substrates and firing at temperature below the sintering point. Promoter: Alkali and/or metallic compounds added in trace amounts to enhance the activity of the catalytic agent. A catalyst, vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used to increase the reaction rate because its relatively immune to poisons, also because of its low initial investment and only 5% replacement per year. It is only effective above its melting point of 400  °C. The greatest conversion of SO2 to SO3 is reached by passing the gas over several catalyst beds, cooling the gas between each pass so that the reaction temperature remains between 400 and 500  °C. As can be seen the figure. The disadvantages of using the V2O5 catalyst are that it must use dilute SO2 input (7-10%), as a catalyst it is less active and requires high oxygen or sulfur dioxide to give economic conversions also it requires larger converters and thus higher initial investment. Finally, the sulfur trioxide is absorbed in to very concentrated sulfuric acid (a 98-99 percent solution of H2SO4 in water), This operation takes place in the absorbing tower where the gas travels up through the tower, counter-current to the acid falling from the top of the tower producing a thick fuming liquid called oleum, the oleum is mixed carefully with water to avoid producing fine mist of sulfuric acid that is difficult to condense and could escape to pollute the air, the sulfur trioxide in the oleum reacts with the water as follows: SO3 + H2O â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  H2SO4 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H = -200 kJ mol-1 It is clear that the reaction is exothermic and the absorbing sulfuric acid has to be cooled continuously; the heat is available at a relatively low temperature and is not worth recovering. The efficiency of the absorption step is related to : The H2SO4 concentration of the absorbing liquid. (98.5 99.5%). The temperature range of the liquid (normally 70 -120 0C). The technique of the acid distribution. The raw gas humidity (mist passes the absorption equipment). The mist filter. The temperature of incoming gas. The co-current or countercurrent character of the gas stream in the absorbing liquid. Main disadvantages of the contact process are that concentrated acid (98%) of high purity can be produced directly and that compact plants of quite high capacity have now become rather common place. The contact process can be applied in different techniques; three of those techniques are described in the following sections 3.2.1 Single contact / single absorption process After purification and drying, the SO2 is converted to SO3 using a series of four catalyst beds, containing alkali and V2O5. Afterwards, the SO3 is absorbed in concentrated sulfuric acid and, if necessary, an oleum absorber is installed upstream. SO3 reacts with the water contained in the absorber acid to yield H2SO4. The absorber acid is kept at the desired concentration of approximately 99% w/w by addition of water or dilute H2SO4. The single contact/single absorption process is generally used for gases with an SO2 Content from 3 6 %. New single contact plants are built only for inlet gases with substantial fluctuation of the SO2 content. The investment cost of this technique is low compared to the investment cost of double contact plants. Figure (3.2.1.1): Typical process flow sheet for a single catalysis plant. 3.2.2 Double Contact/ Double Absorption Process The double contact process was implemented to develop the single contact/single absorption process. In this process a primary SO2 conversion of 85 95 % is achieved in the first catalysis stage of the converter before entry into an intermediate absorber, depending on the arrangement of the converter beds and the contact time. What makes the double contact/double absorption process more advantageous is that its ability to feed gases with higher SO2 concentrations than would be possible with the single catalysis process. Which leads to smaller gas volumes and therefore smaller equipment with comparable production capacities. This results in a considerably higher conversion rate, if the residual gas is passed through the following converter beds (usually one or two). The SO3 which is formed in the second catalysis stage is absorbed in the final absorber. In general the process uses gases with an SO2 content of 10 t o11 %. The inlet gas temperature is about 4000C. Gases with lower temperatures require reheating from 50 to 4000C. This is usually carried out with recovered heats from the conversion process. Operating the double contact process at an elevated pressure of 5 bar increases the conversion rate by shifting the conversion equilibrium and favouring the formation of SO3. The disadvantages are higher electricity consumption and, at the same time, less steam production. Higher NOx emissions are caused by higher sulfur combustion temperatures (18000C), but savings of 10 -17 % on investment costs are gained. Figure 3.2.2.1: Typical process flow sheet for a sulfur burning double catalysis plant. 3.2.3 Wet catalysis process The wet catalysis process is applicable to wet SO2 gases. The potential for the formation of sulfuric acid mist might require tail gas treatment. Wet SO2 gases (eg. from the burning of H2S gases or from the catalytic conversion of H2S gases) are directly supplied into the contact tower without previous drying. SO3 formed by the catalytic conversion immediately reacts with the moisture of the gases, thereby forming the acetic acid. The sulfuric acid is condensed in a condenser installed after the contact tower. Factors Sulfuric Acid Production By Lead Chamber process Sulfuric Acid Production By single contact/single absorption process Sulfuric Acid Production By double contact/double absorption process Sulfuric Acid Production By Wet Catalysis process Health and safety hazards involved Less safe, waste gases are discharged to the atmosphere Less amount of SO3 is absorbed so the rest is discharged to the atmosphere A larger amount of SO3 is absorbed A larger amount of SO3 is absorbed Operating cost High operating cost Less operating The least operating cost Less operating cost Raw material SO2, NO, NO2, O2, H2O. Melted sulfur, O2, SO2, SO3. Melted sulfur, H2O, O2, SO2, SO3. Wet SO2 gases, H2S, O2, SO3. Waste products and by products Exhaust gases are discharged to the atmosphere Large amounts of SO2 gas are discharged to the atmosphere Less amounts of SO2 gas are discharged to the atmosphere, less heat released after each successive catalyst bed. A larger amount of SO3 is absorbed Equipment Acid Tower (Glover Tower), Lead Chambers, Reactor (Gay-lussac Tower) Air dryer, burner, waste heat boiler, converter, single absorption column. Air dryer, burner, waste heat boiler, converter, intermediate and external absorption column. Burner, convertor, acid tower. Yield Yields 78% H2SO4 New plants achieve 98 to99 % conversion rates Yields about 98% Yields 70 to 80 % H2SO4   Environmental pollution More gases are discharged to the atmosphere More gases discharged to the atmosphere Less gases discharged to the atmosphere More gases are discharger to the atmosphere Purity of products Low purity Low purity High purity Low purity Table (3.2.1): Process selection Factors Sulfuric Acid Production By Lead Chamber process Sulfuric Acid Production By single contact/single absorption process Sulfuric Acid Production By double contact/double absorption process Sulfuric Acid Production By Wet Catalysis process Health and safety hazards involved 5 5 5 3 Operating cost 6 4 7 5 Raw material 6 5 7 5 Waste products and by products 6 6 7 5 Equipment 7 5 8 6 Yield 5 6 7 9 Environmental pollution 5 5 6 4 Purity of products 6 5 7 9 Total (80) 46 41 54 46 Table (3.2.2): Process Selection According to the discussion and the data presented above we choose the Double Contact/Double Absorption process. CHAPTER FOUR PROCESS DISCRIPTION 4.1 Production of H2SO4 by double contact process The process begins in the burner, in which the melt sulfur is pumped to the burner where it is burnt in an excess of dry air. The gas exiting the burner is maintained at (8 9%v/v) sulfur dioxide and approximately 830 °C due to the heat produced by the exothermic reaction. Sulfurs on burning gives about one third of heat combustion of coal ,and this heat raises the temperature of combustion gases roughly in accordance with the figure (4.1.1) as shown. Figure (4.1.1): Theoretical Flame Temperature.8 This heat is high in temperature and there is plenty of it, consequently it is worth utilizing and the hot gases are led across pipes through which the water passes. The water is heated, steam is raised and the gases are cooled. The sulfur dioxide/air gas mixture is then passed through the stream to converter. The sulfur dioxide is converted to sulfur trioxide by reacting with oxygen over a catalyst. This reaction is described by the equation: 2SO2 + O2 â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  2SO3 ΆH = -100 kJ mol-1 This reaction occurs in the converter, a four-stage reaction vessel with each stage consisting of a solid catalyst bed through which the gas is passed. The catalyst used is vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), and potassium sulphate dispersed on a silica base which forms a porous support, giving a large surface area for reaction. This reaction is exothermic and its equilibrium constant decreases with increasing temperature (Le Chatelier.s Principle). Figure (4.1.2) shows the percentage conversion of SO2 to SO3 that would be reached at an SO2 concentration of 8% v/v and a range of gas temperatures. However, the reaction rate is also temperature dependent, so that if the temperature becomes too low the equilibrium point will not be reached. In practice, the gas temperature must be maintained between (400 500 °C) to maintain a high reaction rate and also high conversion equilibrium. As the reaction is exothermic, heat is generated across each of the catalyst beds. This heat must be removed between each stage to maintain the optimum reaction temperature into the following stage. The temperature rise through each catalyst bed and the inter-stage cooling is shown in Figure (4.1.2). Figure (4.1.2): The Temperature Rise Through Beds.7 The gas after passing through three catalyst bed goes to the first absorption tower where the Sulfur trioxide is removed. The gas is then reheated to about 420 C, passed through the fourth catalyst bed, then cooled and sent to a second absorption tower. The gas mixture goes to the first and second absorption tower, a packed tower where SO3 is absorbed into a counter-current flow of 98 99% sulfuric acid. The overall reaction can be described by the following equation, where sulfur trioxide reacts with the free water to produce sulfuric acid: SO3 + H2O â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  H2SO4 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H = -200 kJ mol-1 The circulating sulfuric acid must be maintained at about 98% concentration and temperature is controlled in the desired rang of (70 °C_90 °C) to maximize the absorption efficiency. The acid strength is important because the vapor pressure of sulfur trioxide above sulfuric acid is at a minimum at an acid strength of 98% (see Figure (4.1. 3)). At higher concentrations the increased vapor pressure is caused by SO3 and at lower concentrations the water vapor pressure increases sharply and the resultant acid mist is not readily re-absorbed and escapes to the atmosphere. A stream of sulfuric acid is continuously bled off and cooled through a plate heat exchanger before being passed into the storage tanks. Figure (4.1.3): Relation Between Vapor Pressure and Concentration.7 Figure (4.1.4) : Flow Sheet CHAPTER FIVE ENERGY AND MASS BALANCE 5.1 MASS BALANCE *Drier: Components Amount % H20 1.27 1.3 O2 21.12 23 N2 69.4 75.7 Temperature 25C pressure 1 atm M1 M2 Components Amount % H2SO4 39.4 98 H2O 0.8 2 Temperature 150C pressure 1 atm M3 Components Amount % O2 21.12 23.3 N2 69.4 76.7 Temperature 25C pressure 1 atm M4 Components Amount % H2SO4 39.42 95 H2O 2.1 5 Temperature 150C pressure 1 atm *Burner: M3 Components Amount % O2 21.12 23.3 N2 69.4 76.7 Temperature 26C pressure 1 atm M5 Components Amount % S 3.76 100 Components Amount % SO2 28.16 29 O2 7.04 7 N2 69.4 64 Temperature 830C pressure 1 atm   M6 *Converter: M6 Components Amount % SO2 28.16 29 O2 7.04 7 N2 69.4 64 Temperature 400C pressure 1 atm M7 Components Amount % O2 2.11 2 N2 69.44 66 SO2 8.45 8 SO3 24.64 24 Temperature 450 pressure 1 atm M8 Components Amount % SO2 26.72 26 O2 1.69 1.6 N2 69.44 66.4 SO3 26.72 26 Temperature 450 pressure 1 atm M9 Components Amount % SO2 0.314 6 O2 0.0768 1.5 N2 3.47 66.5 SO3 1.36 26 Temperature 450 pressure 1 atm M10 Components Amount % SO2 0.314 6 O2 0.0768 1.5 N2 3.47 66.5 SO3 1.36 26 Temperature 450 pressure 1 atm M11 Components Amount % SO2 6.08 6 O2 1.54 6 N2 65.97 66.5 SO3 25.84 26 Temperature

The Plausibility of Artificial Intelligence Essay -- Science Scientifi

The Plausibility of Artificial Intelligence Can mankind create intelligence? Can the dream of artificial intelligence ever be realized? Is it possible to formulate intelligence out of inorganic matter? In this paper, I intend to show that artificial intelligence is indeed attainable, that it is within the capacity of human intelligence to fashion intelligence out of non-living materials. Let me begin with one of the major theories concerning the philosophy of artificial intelligence: The Church-Turing thesis. The Church-Turing thesis is the brainchild of Alan Turing and Alonzo Church. It concerns the concepts of â€Å"effective† and â€Å"mechanical† in logic and mathematics. Both Turing and Church reached the hypothesis independently and in different forms. But both forms confront similar issues and the general form is known as the ‘Church-Turing thesis’. In general, the thesis asserts that a machine can execute all processes that are ‘mechanical’[1]. Clearly, there is some ambiguity in this statement. What is meant by mechanical? What is meant by machine? ‘Mechanical’ (or ‘effective’ as Turing sometimes uses) is used in a very strict sense. A process that is mechanical must satisfy the following four properties. First, it must be set out in terms of a finite number of exact instructions. Each instruction must in turn contain a finite number of symbols. Second, if carried out properly, it must produce the desired result in a finite number of steps (a finite amount of time). Third, in practice or in principle, it must be able to be carried out by a human being unaided by any machinery (except paper, pencil, etc.). And finally, it must not demand any insight or ingenuity on the part of the human bei... ...l> (visited 06 Dec. 2002) [4] P. Millican and A. Clark, ed. The Legacy of Alan Turing [5] Herken, Rolf, ed. The Universal Turing Machine: a half-century survey [6] P. Millican and A. Clark, ed. The Legacy of Alan Turing [7] Hofstadter, Douglas. Godel, Escher, Bach: and eternal golden braid. (pg 561) [8] see Hofstadter (pg. 18, 438, 561, 738-739) [9] Hofstadter (pg. 561) [10] Garson, James. â€Å"Connectionism† Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 19 Aug. 2002. < http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/connectionism/> (visited 06 Dec. 2002) [11] Garson, James. â€Å"Connectionism† Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy [12] Srinivasa Rao, K. Srinivasa Ramanujan : a mathematical (East West Books, c1998) [13] Miller, Leon K., Musical savants : exceptional skill in the mentally retarded. (Hillsdale, N.J : L. Erlbaum, 1989.)

The Patriot

The film â€Å"The Patriot† Is about a father named Benjamin Martin who quit fighting In order to raise his family but is forced to fight when his son Gabriel Martin returns to the army after being injured. Benjamin leads a militia into battle against the British army who were considered as the most powerful army in the world at the time. At the beginning of the movie, the mood starts off In a happy way because it's a sunny day and the kids were excited because the post rider came.Benjamin Martin vaults his wives grave just before sunset and stands there for a while which gives the watcher a sad feeling as well. They are living on a farm in South Carolina and it is the year 1776. This is the time of the American Revolution which is why this film connects to the revolution. At the beginning of the film the post rider brings an Invitation to go loin the continental army and their fight for Independence. Throughout the film you see many things that also relate to the American Rev olution.For example, the type of battle that the militia was using is called Guerilla warfare. The southern militia specialized In this during the American Revolution. A loyalist Is a person who Is loyal to their home country whether they are inside or outside of that country. A loyalist is a person who would never betray or try to change their country and how it is. A patriot is someone who does not agree with what their country has done and wants to fight against their country for their own reasons. A patriot betrays Its home country for a good cause, not for something unworthy.An example of an act that caused the revolution would be the stamp act. This is an act where you had to pay a tax in order to get a stamp to put up flyers. An example of a patriot from the film is Gabriel Martin. Gabriel Martin wanted to Join the continental ingress so bad that he enlisted without permission from his father Benjamin. Gabriel did all he could to bring victory to the colonies. An example of a loyalist In the movie would be Kernel Titivating. Titivating goes to extreme measures just to make sure that the patriots learn that the British army is more superior.An example of this is when Gabriel Is being taken away by the Red Coats and Thomas tries to help him Benjamin son and Gabrielle brother. Benjamin plays a patriot in the movie for many reasons. At the beginning of the movie he did not want to fight because he had to keep his family safe. But he ended p fighting because whether he was with them or not they were never going to be safe until the war was over. Near the end of the movie Benjamin runs up with the American flag during a fight and starts waving it around showing that America's time was now.Benjamin doing this action proves that he is a patriot because he would have never done that so proudly If he was a loyalist or neither. Another action where Benjamin proves that he is a patriot is when he joins the army. Benjamin joined the army to fight with his son and ma ke sure he stays safe but he also did it so he could bring peace by stopping the British army. Benjamin wouldn't rebel against Britain unless he thought something was wrong. The Patriot is a somewhat credible movie. This is because the journal says that â€Å"This 1 OFF epic† (American History Journal 1).This proves that some things were accurate in this film. Another part of this Journal says â€Å"Adding more credibility to the historical accuracy of this film was the participation of historians from the Smithsonian National Museum of American History as consultants† (American History Journal 1). These quotations prove that The Patriot is credible for some things they did in the movie. The next quotation helps prove that there are parts of the movie that are not credible. The Journal says â€Å"However, much of the patriot is not historically accurate† (American History Journal 1).An example of the movie being incorrect is the last battle where the British gav e up because that was not the correct battle. The inaccuracies in the movie The Patriot harm and help the watchers. They can harm the watchers because it leads them to believe something that is incorrect. This can cause the viewer to be wrong if they used it as answer on a test for example. This can also hurt viewers because it misleads them to think that the British were impolitely evil. For example, the British never torched the church with the whole community inside the church.This was showed in the movie. The inaccuracies in the movie can help the viewers because it shows Americans dominating and fighting through everything to pursue the goal of independence and freedom. For example, Benjamin never ran through the battlefield waving the flag without being shot or captured. But this shows the viewers that America is strong and proud. Therefore, this proves that the inaccuracies in this movie can be beneficial and harmful. This was a good film over all. The inaccuracies made it mo re interesting and intrigued me.This film should be recommended to ages 14 and up because then everyone would understand the values and the storyline of the movie. Anyone with knowledge of the American Revolution should enjoy this film because it sums up the revolution fairly accurate and makes it better by showing America strong. This movie teaches us to pursue our goals and never stop until the goal is reached. We see this throughout the whole movie. Two examples of this being showed in the movie are with Benjamin and his family. The second example is with the colonies in general because they come together to fight for independence at the cost of life.

Psychological Interview Essay

A person’s personality and attitude are dynamic and made up of various, complex set of factors. The question of nature versus nurture and its contribution to a person’s personality has been debated for decades. Based on the interview that I conducted, I have come to a conclusion that one’s environment plays a more crucial role in one’s behavior. This is because one’s upbringing and culture overrode any biological tendencies that a person may inherently and internally possess.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I interviewed a close family friend of mine named Lauren Reyes.   To figure out if biology has an impact on her behavior, I asked her if hormones influence her behavior towards other people. She said that she experiences mood swings but â€Å"[my] actions usually depend on the situation and the expectation of others.† Her answer conveyed that the expectation of others around her has been primarily based on what society deems is the proper reaction/behavior in a given situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I also inquired about the traits that she have that has been influenced by her parents. She said that being kind, helpful, forgiving and considerate are the traits that she has learned from her parents. She has internalized being kind and helpful to the point that she is aware that she reflects those attributes when dealing with other people. This is demonstrated when I asked her how she sees herself. She told me that she sees herself as â€Å"friendly, approachable, and nice/kind†¦.like[s] to hel[p] others.† Her notion of herself as helpful is in turn perceived by others because she said that â€Å"I guess others just see me that way as well, because they turn to me for help.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, her forgiving attitude is exhibited by the fact that she cannot stay mad at a person for a week. She also considers herself as â€Å"soft†, hence she easily forgives people. Meanwhile her considerate nature is illustrated when she does things for other people, especially to those that are dear to her, that she knows will benefit them. This is what motivates her to accomplish her goals and to do something productive in her life. Also, being considerate toward others is a strong influence on her behavior. Therefore, her actions in any matter will always be based upon how it will effect the lives or situation of those that she knows well and cares about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Her considerate nature is a clear indication of her INJF personality, which is based upon the Myers Briggs Test that can be taken by anyone who wants to know what kind of personality he/she have. An INJF person has a â€Å"strong desire to contribute to the welfare of others and genuinely enjoy helping their companions,† which she agrees are accurate descriptions of who she is. Thus, these people are regarded as the â€Å"Counselor Types.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This caring and helpful tendency extends to her romantic relationship. She thinks that an ideal relationship is when a person trieds to â€Å"mak[e] the other person [their significant other] happy.† She also acts like the motherly type in the relationship because she â€Å"like[s] to take care of [her] partner.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Similarly, her solid relationship with her friends is based upon the fact that she cares about them. This is also the reason that she remains loyal to them. This behavior is also reflective of her INJF personality, which shows that â€Å"she makes a decision based on emotion.† In this case, choosing her friends depending on how they make her feel.   Also, these genuine and warm feelings are extended to people that she just met. Although she admitted that she self-monitors her behavior around people that she just met and she is extra nice to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, the fact that her parents have few, close friends influenced her view and attitude on choosing her friends wisely and the kind of people she befriends. She said that she becomes friends with people who are nice and trustworthy. Thus, she is very selective when it comes to the people she will be friends with, which is also a mark of an INJF.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     On the contrary, her performance in school has been greatly influenced by her desire to â€Å"make [her] parents proud†¦[Hence] I study hard to maintain my good grades.† Thus, the desire to be outstanding in whatever she is doing comes from within. Therefore, Lauren is clearly motivated intrinsically. She also mentioned that her motivation to do well is not because she wants or expects a reward for a task. The reason she engages in a certain task is she gains a feeling of contentment whenever she is doing a specific task. In effect, this has contributed to a young lady who has become and continually shows to be a responsible person in all aspects of her life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Her responsible attitude, which also reflects a tremendous sense of independence, has ensued because her parents came home at around 8-9pm. Hence, they were not really around when she gets home after school. She described this circumstance as a significant part of her life and has made her who she is right now. It has also resulted in her not liking to rely on other people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a former student, she preferred to study at home in her room with music playing in the background. This particular trait exhibited by Lauren is in accordance with INFJ personality, which states that â€Å"when the INFJ’s thinking function is operative [the person becomes] most aloof†¦ such distancing is merely an indication that the seer is hard at work† (Butt). In addition, learning new information for her becomes easier if she observes the behavior being performed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, her Filipino culture has molded her to be respectful towards older people, and accomodating to others. She said that she obeys older people out of respect and courtesy towards them. While her accommodating tendencies stem from the fact that she is viewed by others as approachable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Likewise, Lauren personally believes that culture â€Å"play[s] a role in forming personality and attitude [because] culture tells you the acceptable and unacceptable attitudes.† Also, according to Lauren culture determine gender roles because gender roles are â€Å"dictated by society†¦For example, men should not be too emotional; they have to be logical. Women, on the other hand, should be neat with their stuff.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Numerous studies has also suggested that a person’s environment is responsible for one’s behavior. Robert Tyron, a pioneer in behavior genetics, conducted a study among rats that are bright in going around a maze versus rats that are dull in performing the same task. The study showed that the dull rats’ ability to go around the maze improved once they were placed in a stimulating environment. Hence, the study indicated that the stimulating environment improved the rat’s capability in going around the maze (Intelligence and Mental Abilities).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, psychologist H.M. Skeels observed children who resided in orphanages in Iowa and were neglected by the adults that took care of them. The adults never read them stories, talk to them or played with them. The children were considered subnormal in intelligence when they took an IQ test. Two of the orphan girls were transferred to a an adult ward wherein the people â€Å"play[ed] with them, read to them, cheer[ed] them when they took their first steps, and encourag[ed] them to talk† (Intelligence and Mental Abilities). After 18 months, the IQ scores of these two girls improved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is apparent, just with the studies mentioned earlier, that a person’s environment affected a person’s intelligence and performance in life. While my interview with Lauren also showed that a person’s upbringing and culture contributes to a person’s personality and attitude. Lauren’s traits-such as her kind, helpful, forgiving and considerate nature- and behavior toward others are formed and developed by her parents. While her culture played a part in her attitude and relations toward older people. However, her motivation for doing any task comes from within and her interactions with people are based on how she feels toward them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Overall, I personally believe that one’s environment clearly shapes a person’s personality and attitude in the long-run. People usually act in accordance with expected beliefs and mannerisms in the culture they are apart of. Hence, even if there is a segment of the population that are aggressive because they have high-levels of testosterone, proper etiquette and knowledge of societal norms will probably make them refrain from beating their loved ones or strangers. They may also decide to seek help with their out-of-control, aggressive behavior. Also, adequate child-rearing is essential to produce mature and responsible adults in our society. Thus, living conditions should be conducive to the development of a healthy, mature and responsible individual. Reference Butt, J. (2005). Introverted intuitive feeling judging. Retrieved February 1, 2008 from     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://typelogic.com/infj.html

Bipolar Disorder Essays

Bipolar Disorder Essays Bipolar Disorder Paper Bipolar Disorder Paper Bipolar disorder lies in the category of manic depressive disorders. The disorder affects the brain and causes strange mood shifts, change in activity levels as well as causing inability of the afflicted individuals to perform daily tasks (National Institute of Mental Health). The affected individuals have unusually elevated energy levels and other symptoms, which make the individuals to have a damaged relationship, poor school and workplace performance and in severe case, suicide (National Institute of Mental Health). This shows that the symptoms are different from the usual ups and downs that normal individuals undergo in everyday lives. Although the symptoms are often severe, bipolar disorder is easily treated and afflicted individuals can lead normal lives. Symptoms Individuals with bipolar disorder express very unusual and intense emotional stress that normally occurs in specific periods known as mood episodes (Basco 81). They may be in overexcited state (manic episode) or in extremely sad state (depressive episode) (Basco 81). In some situations, mood episodes may show symptoms of both depression and mania. Mood changes for manic episode include agitation, extreme irritability, overly happy and outgoing mood while the mood changes for depressive episodes include long periods of worry or feeling of emptiness (Mayo Clinic Staff). Sometimes there is loss of interest in some activities that the individuals once enjoyed such as sex. Behavioral changes in manic episodes talking at a fast pace, jumping from one concept to another and having what can be termed as racing mood. The individuals are easily distracted, are restless and do not sleep enough (Mayo Clinic Staff). They have unrealistic ideologies about one’s abilities and behave in an impulsive manner usually taking plenty of pleasurable behaviors with high risks such as impulsive sex, spending spree and impulsive investments in business (Mayo Clinic Staff). Behavioral changes in depressive episodes include problems of concentration, making decisions and remembering, feeling of tiredness growing irritable or being restless. The individuals with depressive episodes may have problems with sleeping and eating (Medline Plus). In severe cases, depressive episode individuals may develop suicide thinking or having attempted suicide. Diagnostic Criteria The disorder often develops in individuals during early adult years or late teen stages with half of the total bipolar cases diagnosed before individuals attain the age of 25 (Medline Plus). However, in some individuals, the symptoms start appearing in early childhood while others start showing bipolar symptoms in late years of adult stage. It is not easy to identify bipolar disorder as it begins since the symptoms may almost appear like other complications that may not be recognized as a major problem (Medline Plus). It may take long before the problem is properly identified and proper medication provided. Bipolar disorder is generally a long term complication just like heart disease or diabetes and has to be managed throughout the entire life of the afflicted individual. In order to have a proper diagnosis, it is necessary to talk to a physician who should then carry out a physical examination, oral interviews and various laboratory tests. Although bipolar disorder may not concurrently be diagnosed through brain scans and blood tests, the tests are imperative in ruling out other contributing causes such as brain tumors and stroke ((National Institute of Mental Health). The doctor may be required to carry out an evaluation of mental health in case the problems of stroke and brain tumors are not as a result of other illnesses. In most cases, patients are referred to a mental health expert such as a psychiatrist who is specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder (National Institute of Mental Health). Criteria for diagnosing bipolar disorder are given in the current fourth version of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-IV-TR) and the current World Health Organization’s International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Problems (ICD-10) (National Institute of Mental Health). Psychiatrists or doctors should carry out a complete diagnostic examination. It is important for the physician or psychiatrist to discuss and identify family history of the disorder or other allied illnesses in order to establish the complete history of the symptoms expressed by the patient (Medline Plus). Because the patient may not explain the exact ways he or she expresses the symptoms of bipolar disorders, it is necessary for the psychiatrist to discuss the family medical history and symptoms with a close relative of the patient. If the afflicted individual is married and stays together with the partner, the spouse can be of great importance in explaining the symptoms. The common sign among individuals with bipolar disorder is that they readily tend to seek assistance when they have depression than when they are manic or experiencing hypomania (Rheieck, and Steikuller 12). This shows why it is important to carry out a careful evaluation of medical history in order to ensure that the problem is not misdiagnosed as a major disorder of depression known as unipolar depression. With unipolar disorders, individuals do not experience manic depression that is often expressed in individuals with bipolar disorder. It is also important to include previous inputs and records about the patient from the family members and friends in medical histories. Possible Causes and Probable Effect There are various causes of bipolar disorders which may include genetic causes, childhood precursors, life experiences and events, neural processes, melatonin activity and psychological causes (Basco 122). Chromosomal regions as well as individual genes have been identified and linked to the cause of bipolar disorders. The base pair changes for DNA sequence of TPH1 and P2RX7 genes have been blamed on the cause of the condition. Genes related to dopamine (SLC6A3 and DRD4), serotonin (TPH2 and SLC6A4) and dopamine (DTNBP1 and DAOA) have been identified to contribute to the condition although to a small extent (Rheieck, and Steikuller 14). Melatonin activity has been indicated for bipolar disorder. For instance in the eye, the hypersensitive melatonin receptors causes a rapid drop in melatonin levels during sleep time (National Institute of Mental Health). Valproic acid, used for stabilizing mood, increases melatonin receptor transcription and reduces the sensitivity to light in healthy subjects. However, the extent to which alteration of melatonin may lead to bipolar disorder has not been fully deciphered. Treatment There is no known cure for bipolar disorder although proper care given to the bipolar patients can greatly improve the lifestyle of patients (Medline Plus). With proper treatment of bipolar disorder cases, the individuals will gain an improved control of their mood swings as well as other related symptoms. There is need for a long-term treatment plan for bipolar disorder patients since the condition is a recurrent and lifelong illness. Long-term treatment such as psychotherapy and medications will offer a better control over the symptoms as the symptoms severity will be reduced and prevented from reoccurring (Basco 147). The diagnosis and prescription of treatments for bipolar disorder is mainly done by medical doctors, psychiatrists or in some states, psychiatrist nurse practitioners, clinical psychologists and advanced psychiatrist nurses (Mayo Clinic Staff). However, not every individual responds to bipolar disorder medications. It is therefore important to keep a daily chart that shows the symptoms, treatments used, sleep patterns and various life events. These recordings will help the doctor track the details and give effective treatment. This also enables the doctor to make decisions on the change or switch of medications incase the ones used do not work with the patient. Medication options for treating bipolar disorders include mood stabilizing medications, atypical antipsychotic medications and antidepressants (National Institute of Mental Health). Apart from medication and psychotherapy, other treatments include sleep medications and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Mood stabilizing medications form the treatment of choice to help individuals suffering from bipolar disorder. The individuals with bipolar disorder may continue with the mood stabilizers for a number of years. Majority of mood stabilizing medications are anticonvulsants with the exception of lithium (National Institute of Mental Health). Anticonvulsants are usually used in the treatment of seizures although they can also be used in the treatment of moods particularly in bipolar disorders. Lithium is effective in the control of mood symptoms although the levels of thyroid hormone should closely be checked as lithium causes hypothyroidism which is often associated with bipolar disorder particularly in women (National Institute of Mental Health). An alternative to lithium is valproic acid which is equally effective in the prevention of manic recurrence or depressive episodes. Atypical antipsychotic medications have sometimes been used in the treatment of bipolar disorder symptoms although they are often taken together with other medications (National Institute of Mental Health). They are referred to as ‘atypical’ since they are different from other first generation or conventional antipsychotics. Olanzapine is an example of atypical antipsychotic medication which when administered with antidepressants, can greatly relive severe symptoms of psychosis and mania. Other atypical medications used include Aripiprazole, Quetiapine and Risperidone (National Institute of Mental Health). Other forms of medications used in treating bipolar disorders belong to the class of antidepressants. Antidepressants are usually used in the treatment of depression symptoms in bipolar disorder cases (National Institute of Mental Health). Bipolar disorder patients are advised to take mood stabilizers in addition to antidepressants. This is recommended because relying on antidepressants alone may increase chances of patients switching from mania or hypomania or even developing symptoms of rapid cycling (National Institute of Mental Health). It is therefore important for doctors who prescribe antidepressants agents for the treatment of bipolar disorder to include mood stabilizing agents. Fluoroxetin, sold as Prozac and Paroxetine marketed as Paxil are some of the antidepressant medications that are widely prescribed by physicians for the treatment of bipolar depression symptoms (National Institute of Mental Health). Psychotherapy is another form of treatment given to individuals with bipolar disorder apart from the medications (Mayo Clinic Staff). It is also referred to as talk therapy which can provide education, support and guidance to individuals with the condition together with other family members. Psychotherapy methods include family-focused therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), psychoeducation and interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (National Institute of Mental Health). Prognosis It always comes out that good prognosis is only feasible when good treatment is provided and a good treatment is possible if doctors make accurate diagnosis of the condition. In most cases, bipolar disorders are often misdiagnosed or under-diagnosed and as a result, it becomes difficult for individuals with bipolar disorder to be given competent and timely treatments. Although bipolar disorders can be a very severe medical condition, which can disable individuals, bipolar individuals can comfortably live satisfying and full lives with the use of medications (Rheieck, and Steikuller19). Even when no medications are used, bipolar disorder patients can experience from normal to near normal lifestyles between episodes. Works cited Basco, Monica. The Bipolar Workbook: Tools for Controlling Your Moods Swings. New York: Guilford Press, 2006. Mayo Clinic Staff. (2010). â€Å"Bipolar Disorder. † Bipolar Disorder. 5 Jan 2010. 6 May 2010. mayoclinic. com/print/bipolardisorder/DS00356/DSECTION=allMETHOD=print Medline Plus. â€Å"Bipolar Disorder. † Bipolar Disorder. 8 Mar. 2010. 5 May. 2010. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/bipolardisorder. html National Institute of Mental Health. â€Å"Bipolar Disorder. † Bipolar Disorder. 2008. 6 May. 2010. nimh. nih. gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder/complete-index. shtml Rheieck, Jane, Steikuller, Andrea. â€Å"A Review of Evidence-Based Therapeutic Interventions for Bipolar. † Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 31 (2009):12-21.

Who Am I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Who Am I - Essay Example Having listened to their experiences, I used to feel so lonely when I realized I was alone. My family only had me and my two parents. There was no 4th individual in our family. I always used to wish I could expect a sibling if I did not have one. I wished I had a brother with whom I could fight or a sister that I could take care of. But why I never had them, I did not know. Occasionally, I would speak of my loneliness to my parents. In turn, they would console me and get me distracted one way or another. One day we had a gathering at our home. All of my cousins were there. Elders were all busy gossiping in the living room. I was in my room with my cousins. One cousin of mine, Stuart, was quite older than me in age. I was showing him my rackets. He said to me, â€Å"Who do you play with when you are at home?† I said, â€Å"Mummy or daddy, depends on who is available.† I added, â€Å"At times, I play against the wall.† He said, â€Å"Do you know why are you alone?† I thought he was close to giving me the answer I was longing to listen. So I expressed my interest in knowing what he was about to tell me. He said to me, â€Å"Alan, you are an adopted child.† I felt like I was electrocuted. It felt like someone had buried half of me into the earth and was hammering on my top to insert the other half. I was stunned and shocked. Five years have passed since then and I still do not know why he did that to me. Of all the people in the world, why would he do this to me? Of all the things in the world, why would he say that to me? These are the questions I have been asking myself ever-since that happened. But I could still find no answer to my own queries. My world changed from that day onwards. I did not believe Stuart in the start.

Research Methods used in Educational Psychology Essay

Research Methods used in Educational Psychology - Essay Example This study also integrated in an experimental group for comparison by observing the Title I students but also the non-Titled. Each teacher was observed for a total of 5 hours (totaling 175 hours) of reading instructional time. The Settings Factor Assessment Tool (SFAT), an ecobehavioral protocol, was used to measure a range of variables during the observational periods. Among the 4 Levels included in the SFAT, Levels 2-4 were used to verify factors such as the context of instruction; prompt, feedback, and instructional characteristics; non-instructional talk; and behaviors exhibited across the students. Levels 2-4 were then coded in real-time using the Multiple Option Observation System for Experimental Studies (MOOSES) (Stichter, Stormont, and Lewis 175). Statistical analyses were then performed to establish the relationship between the factors described with the SFAT and the status (Title I or non-Titled) of the classroom. The findings